Cool MateAdd vs Attach vs Contribute vs Include vs Join
When to use each in English, with meaning, register, and examples.
Add
High-frequency chunkA1verb
Attach
Top 1,000 (very common)B1verb
Contribute
Top 2,000 (common)B2verb
Include
Top 1,000 (very common)A1verb
Join
Top 1,000 (very common)A1verb
| Add | Attach | Contribute | Include | Join | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pronunciation | 🇬🇧 /["/æd/","/ædz/","/ˈædɪd/","/ˈædɪŋ/"]/🇺🇸 /["/æd/","/ædz/","/ˈædɪd/","/ˈædɪŋ/"]/ | 🇬🇧 /["/əˈtætʃ/","/əˈtætʃɪz/","/əˈtætʃt/","/əˈtætʃɪŋ/"]/🇺🇸 /["/əˈtætʃ/","/əˈtætʃɪz/","/əˈtætʃt/","/əˈtætʃɪŋ/"]/ | 🇬🇧 /["/kənˈtrɪbjuːt//ˈkɒntrɪbjuːt/","/kənˈtrɪbjuːts//ˈkɒntrɪbjuːts/","/kənˈtrɪbjuːtɪd//ˈkɒntrɪbjuːtɪd/","/kənˈtrɪbjuːtɪŋ//ˈkɒntrɪbjuːtɪŋ/"]/🇺🇸 /["/kənˈtrɪbjuːt/","/kənˈtrɪbjuːts/","/kənˈtrɪbjuːtɪd/","/kənˈtrɪbjuːtɪŋ/"]/ | 🇬🇧 /["/ɪnˈkluːd/","/ɪnˈkluːdz/","/ɪnˈkluːdɪd/","/ɪnˈkluːdɪŋ/"]/🇺🇸 /["/ɪnˈkluːd/","/ɪnˈkluːdz/","/ɪnˈkluːdɪd/","/ɪnˈkluːdɪŋ/"]/ | 🇬🇧 /["/dʒɔɪn/","/dʒɔɪnz/","/dʒɔɪnd/","/ˈdʒɔɪnɪŋ/"]/🇺🇸 /["/dʒɔɪn/","/dʒɔɪnz/","/dʒɔɪnd/","/ˈdʒɔɪnɪŋ/"]/ |
| Meaning | to put together or to include more | to connect or fasten something to another thing | To give something, like money or help, to a cause or project. | to have something as part of a group or whole | to come together with others |
| Example | Please add your name to the list. | Please attach the document to your email before sending it. | Everyone is encouraged to contribute to the community project. | You should include your contact information in the application. | I decided to join a yoga class to improve my flexibility. |
| Register | Neutral | Neutral | Neutral | Neutral | Neutral |
| How common | High-frequency chunk | Top 1,000 (very common) | Top 2,000 (common) | Top 1,000 (very common) | Top 1,000 (very common) |
| CEFR level | A1 | B1 | B2 | A1 | A1 |
| Part of speech | verb | verb | verb | verb | verb |
| Collocations | hastily, hurriedly, quickly, hasten to | firmly, securely, loosely, to | enormously, generously, greatly, be asked to, be encouraged to, to, towards/toward, have little, a lot, etc. to contribute (to something), greatly, importantly, largely, to, regularly, to | include in a list, include as part, include among | formally, officially, voluntarily, want to, wish to, flock to, an invitation to join something, together, eagerly, gladly, wish to, invite somebody to, be allowed to, for, in, with, come and join somebody, an invitation to join somebody/something |
| Antonyms | subtract, remove, deduct | detach, remove | withdraw, take away, deprive | exclude, omit, leave out | leave, split, detach |
| Common mistakes | 'Add to' used incorrectly as if it were 'add with', Confusing 'add' with 'add up' which has different meanings, 'Adding' used without an object | Confused with 'detach' – forgetting to use the right prefix., Using 'attaching' incorrectly in passive constructions., Not following with an object, e.g., 'attach to' instead of 'attach the document to'. | Confused with 'attribute' — they have different meanings., Using 'contribute' without an object, which is incorrect., Mixing up 'contribute to' with 'contribute for' — the correct phrase is 'contribute to'. | Confused with 'exclude' and use the wrong word., Omitting the object after 'include'., Using 'include' incorrectly in negative sentences. | 'Join' is often confused with 'meet' — they have different meanings., Learners forget to use 'join' with an object, saying 'I join' instead of 'I join the club.', Mixing up 'join' with 'attend' — attending can imply being present without being an active participant. |
| Usage notes | Use 'add' in both casual and formal contexts, but avoid it in very technical or academic writing where more specific terms might be required. | Use 'attach' for both physical and abstract connections, like emails or documents. Less common in very formal writing. Avoid with informal language unless using slang. | Use 'contribute' when you are giving something to a group effort. It's appropriate in most contexts, both formal and informal, especially when discussing teamwork or donations. | Use 'include' to specify that something is part of a larger list or group. Avoid using it when talking about things that are not part of that list. | Use 'join' when indicating participation in an activity or becoming part of a group. It's neutral and can be used in both formal and informal contexts. Avoid using it in overly formal writing. |
Frequently asked questions: Add vs Attach vs Contribute vs Include vs Join
What's the difference between Add, Attach, Contribute, Include, and Join?
Add: to put together or to include more Attach: to connect or fasten something to another thing Contribute: To give something, like money or help, to a cause or project. Include: to have something as part of a group or whole Join: to come together with others
Are Add, Attach, Contribute, Include, and Join the same CEFR level?
Add: A1, Attach: B1, Contribute: B2, Include: A1, Join: A1 on the CEFR scale.
Can I use Add, Attach, Contribute, Include, and Join interchangeably?
Not always. Add, Attach, Contribute, Include, and Join are related and overlap in some contexts, but they differ in register, how common they are, and usage, so swapping one for another can change the meaning or tone. Check the differences above before substituting.