That vs Who vs Whom

Quando usar cada um em inglês, com significado, registro e exemplos.

That

Bloco de alta frequência A1 determiner

Who

Bloco de alta frequência A1 pronoun

Whom

Formal Acima de 10.000 (menos comum) B2 pronoun

Mais formal: Whom

	That	Who	Whom
Pronúncia	🇬🇧 /["/ðæt/","/ðəʊz/"]/ 🇺🇸 /["/ðæt/","/ðəʊz/"]/	🇬🇧 /["/huː/"]/ 🇺🇸 /["/huː/"]/	🇬🇧 /["/huːm/"]/ 🇺🇸 /["/huːm/"]/
Significado	used to refer to a specific thing or person	A word used to ask about a person.	Used instead of 'who' when talking about the object of a verb or preposition.
Exemplo	Look at that man over there.	Who is that woman?	Whom did they invite?
Registro	Neutro	Neutro	Formal
Quão comum	Bloco de alta frequência	Bloco de alta frequência	Acima de 10.000 (menos comum)
Nível CEFR	A1	A1	B2
Classe gramatical	determiner	pronoun	pronoun
Colocações	that is, that way, that means, not that, that much	who is, who are, who knows	to whom it may concern, whom do you prefer?, with whom are you talking
Antônimos	this	someone, somebody, anyone, anybody	who
Erros comuns	Confusing 'that' with 'which' in restrictive vs non-restrictive clauses., Using 'that' when the antecedent is a person (use 'who')., Overusing 'that' in sentences, which can make them awkward.	Using 'who' for objects instead of 'whom'., 'Who' used incorrectly after prepositions like 'to'.	Using 'who' instead of 'whom' in object positions., 'Whom' is often omitted in casual talk., Confusing 'whom' with 'who' when using in questions.
Notas de uso	Used to refer to something already mentioned or known. In spoken English, it's often used informally. Be careful not to use it in overly formal writing where specificity is needed.	Used to inquire about someone's identity; appropriate in both formal and informal settings. Avoid using it in contexts where specifics are required, like in legal or detailed reports.	Use 'whom' in more formal situations or writing. In everyday conversation, many people use 'who' instead. It's often used following prepositions.

Perguntas frequentes: That vs Who vs Whom

Qual é a diferença entre That, Who e Whom?

That: used to refer to a specific thing or person Who: A word used to ask about a person. Whom: Used instead of 'who' when talking about the object of a verb or preposition.

Qual é mais formal: That, Who e Whom?

Whom é a mais formal entre elas.

Qual é mais avançada: That, Who e Whom?

Whom é o nível mais alto, em B2, na escala CEFR.

That, Who e Whom estão no mesmo nível CEFR?

That: A1, Who: A1, Whom: B2 na escala CEFR.

Que classe gramatical são That, Who e Whom?

That: determiner, Who: pronoun, Whom: pronoun.

Pode mostrar um exemplo de cada?

That: Look at that man over there. Who: Who is that woman? Whom: Whom did they invite?

Posso usar That, Who e Whom de forma intercambiável?

Nem sempre. That, Who e Whom são relacionadas e às vezes se sobrepõem, mas diferem em registro, frequência e uso, então trocar uma pela outra pode mudar o sentido ou o tom. Veja as diferenças acima antes de substituir.