That против Who против Whom

Когда что использовать в английском, со значением, регистром и примерами.

That

Частотный чанк A1 determiner

Who

Частотный чанк A1 pronoun

Whom

Формальное Свыше 10 000 (реже) B2 pronoun

Самое формальное: Whom

	That	Who	Whom
Произношение	🇬🇧 /["/ðæt/","/ðəʊz/"]/ 🇺🇸 /["/ðæt/","/ðəʊz/"]/	🇬🇧 /["/huː/"]/ 🇺🇸 /["/huː/"]/	🇬🇧 /["/huːm/"]/ 🇺🇸 /["/huːm/"]/
Значение	used to refer to a specific thing or person	A word used to ask about a person.	Used instead of 'who' when talking about the object of a verb or preposition.
Пример	Look at that man over there.	Who is that woman?	Whom did they invite?
Регистр	Нейтральное	Нейтральное	Формальное
Насколько частое	Частотный чанк	Частотный чанк	Свыше 10 000 (реже)
Уровень CEFR	A1	A1	B2
Часть речи	determiner	pronoun	pronoun
Сочетания	that is, that way, that means, not that, that much	who is, who are, who knows	to whom it may concern, whom do you prefer?, with whom are you talking
Антонимы	this	someone, somebody, anyone, anybody	who
Частые ошибки	Confusing 'that' with 'which' in restrictive vs non-restrictive clauses., Using 'that' when the antecedent is a person (use 'who')., Overusing 'that' in sentences, which can make them awkward.	Using 'who' for objects instead of 'whom'., 'Who' used incorrectly after prepositions like 'to'.	Using 'who' instead of 'whom' in object positions., 'Whom' is often omitted in casual talk., Confusing 'whom' with 'who' when using in questions.
Заметки по употреблению	Used to refer to something already mentioned or known. In spoken English, it's often used informally. Be careful not to use it in overly formal writing where specificity is needed.	Used to inquire about someone's identity; appropriate in both formal and informal settings. Avoid using it in contexts where specifics are required, like in legal or detailed reports.	Use 'whom' in more formal situations or writing. In everyday conversation, many people use 'who' instead. It's often used following prepositions.

Частые вопросы: That против Who против Whom

В чём разница между That, Who и Whom?

That: used to refer to a specific thing or person Who: A word used to ask about a person. Whom: Used instead of 'who' when talking about the object of a verb or preposition.

Что формальнее: That, Who и Whom?

Среди них Whom самое формальное.

Что сложнее: That, Who и Whom?

Whom имеет самый высокий уровень, B2, по шкале CEFR.

У That, Who и Whom одинаковый уровень CEFR?

That: A1, Who: A1, Whom: B2 по шкале CEFR.

Какая часть речи у That, Who и Whom?

That: determiner, Who: pronoun, Whom: pronoun.

Можно показать пример каждого?

That: Look at that man over there. Who: Who is that woman? Whom: Whom did they invite?

Можно ли использовать That, Who и Whom взаимозаменяемо?

Не всегда. That, Who и Whom близки и иногда пересекаются, но различаются по регистру, частоте и употреблению, поэтому замена одного другим может изменить смысл или тон. Стоит свериться с различиями выше, прежде чем заменять.