That در برابر Who در برابر Whom

زمان استفاده از هر کدام در انگلیسی، همراه با معنا، سطح زبانی و مثال‌ها.

That

قطعهٔ پربسامد A1 determiner

Who

قطعهٔ پربسامد A1 pronoun

Whom

رسمی بیش از 10000 (کمتر رایج) B2 pronoun

رسمی‌ترین: Whom

	That	Who	Whom
تلفظ	🇬🇧 /["/ðæt/","/ðəʊz/"]/ 🇺🇸 /["/ðæt/","/ðəʊz/"]/	🇬🇧 /["/huː/"]/ 🇺🇸 /["/huː/"]/	🇬🇧 /["/huːm/"]/ 🇺🇸 /["/huːm/"]/
معنا	used to refer to a specific thing or person	A word used to ask about a person.	Used instead of 'who' when talking about the object of a verb or preposition.
مثال	Look at that man over there.	Who is that woman?	Whom did they invite?
سطح زبانی	خنثی	خنثی	رسمی
میزان رواج	قطعهٔ پربسامد	قطعهٔ پربسامد	بیش از 10000 (کمتر رایج)
سطح CEFR	A1	A1	B2
نقش دستوری	determiner	pronoun	pronoun
هم‌آیی‌ها	that is, that way, that means, not that, that much	who is, who are, who knows	to whom it may concern, whom do you prefer?, with whom are you talking
متضادها	this	someone, somebody, anyone, anybody	who
اشتباه‌های رایج	Confusing 'that' with 'which' in restrictive vs non-restrictive clauses., Using 'that' when the antecedent is a person (use 'who')., Overusing 'that' in sentences, which can make them awkward.	Using 'who' for objects instead of 'whom'., 'Who' used incorrectly after prepositions like 'to'.	Using 'who' instead of 'whom' in object positions., 'Whom' is often omitted in casual talk., Confusing 'whom' with 'who' when using in questions.
نکته‌های کاربرد	Used to refer to something already mentioned or known. In spoken English, it's often used informally. Be careful not to use it in overly formal writing where specificity is needed.	Used to inquire about someone's identity; appropriate in both formal and informal settings. Avoid using it in contexts where specifics are required, like in legal or detailed reports.	Use 'whom' in more formal situations or writing. In everyday conversation, many people use 'who' instead. It's often used following prepositions.

پرسش‌های پرتکرار: That در برابر Who در برابر Whom

تفاوت That،‏ Who، و Whom چیست؟

That: used to refer to a specific thing or person Who: A word used to ask about a person. Whom: Used instead of 'who' when talking about the object of a verb or preposition.

کدام رسمی‌تر است: That،‏ Who، و Whom؟

Whom رسمی‌ترین آن‌هاست.

کدام پیشرفته‌تر است: That،‏ Who، و Whom؟

Whom بالاترین سطح است، یعنی B2، در مقیاس CEFR.

آیا That،‏ Who، و Whom هم‌سطح CEFR هستند؟

That: A1, Who: A1, Whom: B2 بر اساس مقیاس CEFR.

نقش دستوری That،‏ Who، و Whom چیست؟

That: determiner, Who: pronoun, Whom: pronoun.

می‌توانی برای هر کدام یک مثال نشان دهی؟

That: Look at that man over there. Who: Who is that woman? Whom: Whom did they invite?

آیا می‌توانم That،‏ Who، و Whom را به‌جای هم به کار ببرم؟

همیشه نه. That،‏ Who، و Whom به هم نزدیک‌اند و گاهی هم‌پوشانی دارند، اما در سطح زبانی، میزان رواج و کاربرد فرق دارند، پس جابه‌جا کردنشان می‌تواند معنا یا لحن را عوض کند. پیش از جایگزینی، تفاوت‌های بالا را ببین.